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introduction of artificial intelligence

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE :-

We call ourselves Homo sapiens—man the wise—because our intelligence is so important to us. For thousands of years, we have tried to understand how we think; that is, how a mere handful of matter can perceive, understand, predict, and manipulate a world far larger and more complicated than itself. The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, goes further still: it attempts not just to understand but also to build intelligent entities. AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering. Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name itself was coined in 1956. Along with molecular biology, AI is regularly cited as the “field I would most like to be in” by scientists in other disciplines. A student in physics might reasonably feel that all the good ideas have already been taken by Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and the rest. AI, on the other hand, still has openings for several full-time Einsteins and Edisons . AI currently encompasses a huge variety of sub-fields, ranging from the general (learning and perception) to the specific, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on a crowded street, and diagnosing diseases. AI is relevant to any intellectual task; it is truly a universal field.
We have claimed that AI is exciting, but we have not said what it is.  we see eight definitions of artificial intelligence , laid out along two dimensions. The definitions on top are concerned with thought processes and reasoning, whereas the ones on the bottom address behavior. The definitions on the left measure success in terms of fidelity to human performance, whereas  the ones on the right measure against an ideal performance measure, called rationality. A system is rational if it does the “right thing,” given what it knows. Historically, all four approaches to AI have been followed, each by different people with different methods. A human-centered approach must be in part an empirical science,involving observations and hypotheses about human behavior. A rationalist approach involves a combination of mathematics and engineering. The various group have both disparaged and helped each other.

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