CHECKSUM,UDP

Check-sum Definition:

A checksum is a count of the number of bits in a transmission unit that is included with the unit so that the receiver can check to see whether the same number of bits arrived. If the counts match, it's assumed that the complete transmission was received. Both TCP and UDP communication layers provide a checksum count and verification as one of their services. It is provide some key that is include with data bits,and when the receiver will receive the massage then the check the massage and checksum bit ,if it not modify then data will be safe.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol):-

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative communications protocol to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used primarily for establishing low-latency and loss tolerating connections between applications on the Internet. Both UDP and TCP run on top of the Internet Protocol (IP) and are sometimes referred to as UDP/IP or TCP/IP. Both protocols send short packets of data, called datagrams.

UDP provides two services not provided by the IP layer. It provides port numbers to help distinguish different user requests and, optionally, a checksum capability to verify that the data arrived intact.

TCP has emerged as the dominant protocol used for the bulk of Internet connectivity owing to services for breaking large data sets into individual packets, checking for and resending lost packets and reassembling packets into the correct sequence. But these additional services come at a cost in terms of additional data overhead, and delays calledlatency.

In contrast, UDP just sends the packets, which means that it has much lower bandwidthoverhead and latency. But packets can be lost or received out of order as a result, owing to the different paths individual packets traverse between sender and receiver.

UDP is an ideal protocol for network applications in which perceived latency is critical such as gaming, voice and video communications, which can suffer some data loss without adversely affecting perceived quality. In some cases, forward error correction techniques are used to improve audio and video quality in spite of some loss.

UDP can also be used in applications that require lossless data transmission when the application is configured to manage the process of retransmitting lost packets and correctly arranging received packets. This approach can help to improve the data transfer rate of large files compared with TCP.

In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model, UDP, like TCP, is in layer 4, the Transport Layer. UDP works in conjunction with higher level protocols to help manage data transmission services including Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), Simple Network Protocol (SNP) and Domain Name System (DNS) lookups.